Addison's Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)

Endocrinology / Autoimmune

Overview

Definition

A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids).

Epidemiology

Rare. Can present insidiously or as a life-threatening adrenal crisis.

Etiology & Risk Factors

  • Autoimmune adrenalitis (most common cause in developed countries)
  • Tuberculosis (most common cause worldwide)
  • Metastatic cancer to adrenals
  • Adrenal hemorrhage (e.g., Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in meningococcemia)

Clinical Symptoms

  • Profound fatigue and weakness
  • Weight loss and anorexia
  • Hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes (due to excess ACTH/MSH)
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Salt craving

Clinical Approach

Diagnosis

  • Morning Cortisol: Low
  • ACTH level: Markedly elevated (lack of negative feedback)
  • Cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH) Stimulation Test (Definitive): Cortisol fails to rise appropriately > 18 mcg/dL after 30-60 mins
  • Basic Metabolic Panel: Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Non-anion gap metabolic acidosis (due to aldosterone deficiency)

Management

  • Glucocorticoid replacement: Hydrocortisone (often given 2-3 times daily to mimic circadian rhythm)
  • Mineralocorticoid replacement: Fludrocortisone
  • Stress dosing: Patients MUST double or triple their glucocorticoid dose during illness, surgery, or major stress to prevent crisis

Complications

  • Adrenal Crisis (Addisonian Crisis): Life-threatening cardiovascular collapse, severe hypotension refractory to fluids, severe abdominal pain, and hypoglycemia. Requires IMMEDIATE IV hydrocortisone.