Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)

Hematology / Rheumatology

Overview

Definition

An autoimmune hypercoagulable state characterized by recurrent arterial or venous thromboses and/or pregnancy complications, in the presence of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies.

Epidemiology

Can be primary or secondary (associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in 20-30% of cases). Primarily affects young women.

Etiology & Risk Factors

  • Autoantibodies directed against phospholipid-binding proteins (primarily beta-2 glycoprotein I), causing endothelial activation, platelet aggregation, and hypercoagulability

Clinical Symptoms

  • Venous thrombosis (DVT, PE)
  • Arterial thrombosis (Stroke, TIA, myocardial infarction at young age)
  • Pregnancy loss (recurrent embryonic losses before 10 weeks, or unexplained fetal death after 10 weeks, or premature birth due to preeclampsia/placental insufficiency)
  • Livedo reticularis / Thrombocytopenia

Clinical Approach

Diagnosis

  • Clinical criteria (thrombosis or pregnancy criteria) + Laboratory confirmation of at least one antibody on two separate occasions at least 12 weeks apart: Lupus Anticoagulant, Anti-cardiolipin IgG/IgM, or Anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I IgG/IgM
  • *Note: Lupus anticoagulant paradoxically prolongs aPTT in vitro but causes thrombosis in vivo*

Management

  • Acute thrombosis: Standard anticoagulation (LMWH bridged to Warfarin)
  • Chronic: Long-term therapeutic Warfarin (DOACs are not recommended, especially for triple-positive patients)
  • Low-dose Aspirin + LMWH during pregnancy for obstetric APS

Complications

  • Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (CAPS: rapid microvascular thrombosis causing multiorgan failure; high mortality)
  • Recurrent strokes
  • Fetal loss