Overview
Definition
Progressive kidney damage caused by chronic hyperglycemia.
Epidemiology
Varies globally depending on genetics, environment, or exposure.
Etiology & Risk Factors
- Long-standing diabetes mellitus.
Clinical Symptoms
- Microalbuminuria progressing to heavy proteinuria
- gradual decline in GFR.
Clinical Approach
Diagnosis
- Urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio
- Renal biopsy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules).
Management
- Strict glycemic control
- ACEi/ARBs
- SGLT2 inhibitors.
Complications
- Leading cause of End-Stage Renal Disease globally.