Normal Reference Ranges
Adult
70 - 150 mcg/dL
Pediatric
Varies by age mcg/dL
Clinical Significance
Cofactor in cytochrome c oxidase and ferroxidase. Imbalances lead to neurological degeneration, anemia, and connective tissue defects.
Causes of High
- Pregnancy / Oral contraceptives
- Wilson's disease (early/active phase in blood, though ceruloplasmin is low)
- Chronic inflammation / infection
Causes of Low
- Menkes disease (genetic kinky-hair syndrome)
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Severe zinc supplementation excess (competes for absorption)