Normal Reference Ranges
Adult
Therapeutic: 0.8 - 2.0 (Lower for Heart Failure) ng/mL
Pediatric
Therapeutic: 0.8 - 2.0 ng/mL
Clinical Significance
Toxicity classically presents with GI distress, visual changes (yellow halos), and life-threatening arrhythmias.
Causes of High
- Digoxin toxicity (worsened by hypokalemia and renal failure)
Causes of Low
- Non-compliance
- Subtherapeutic dosing