Normal Reference Ranges
Adult
5 - 15 µmol/L
Pediatric
5 - 15 µmol/L
Clinical Significance
Elevated levels promote endothelial damage and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and venous thrombosis.
Causes of High
- Vitamin B12 / Folate deficiency
- B6 deficiency
- Genetic defects (MTHFR mutation)
- Chronic kidney disease
Causes of Low
- Normal finding