Normal Reference Ranges
Adult
2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
Pediatric
4.0 - 6.5 (Higher in growing children) mg/dL
Clinical Significance
Crucial for bone structure and cellular energy (ATP). Often bears an inverse relationship with serum Calcium.
Causes of High
- Renal failure
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Tumor lysis syndrome
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Excessive Vitamin D
Causes of Low
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Refeeding syndrome
- Alcoholism